No sooner had the Second World War marks eventually declared the defeat of fascism broke out, the ideological struggle between Western democratic thought and the thought aroused by the Communist victory in that war, which led to widening the circle of dangerous for the countries of the free world that the United States had emerged from the war leader of it. Was the beginning of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States. In spite of dozens of direct confrontations between the poles and direct confrontation (the Bay of Pigs), this war has remained dominant psychological in nature. And the psychological war is war, morale is defined using all aspects of human activity (Bgdil psychology concerned with these aspects related) to achieve its goals. And the extension of this war for more than half a century to create the fields of fencing were not familiar before, so we rebounds sporadic these fields. Rebounds, including Nahum Chomsky at the media level and flyers Almqazvp between the poles ... etc.. However, we do not find a comprehensive subordinate levels to the fields of this war. It is true that such follow-up convergence Almsthieddil because they clash with the military and intelligence secrets and more importantly because it had not been written at the time and therefore, any follow-up of this kind will be retrospective. Returns, in this case are becoming increasingly distant from the substantive after the disappearance of one pole. And also when the follow-up biased because one of them. But the sentence, these reservations do not diminish the importance of the book "Intelligence Agency and the American Cultural Cold War" for its author Frances Stonor Saunders and published by Granta. Being we have presented these reservations prior to the introduction of the book. But we add to the lure of the boom demand there books, including espionage, especially those associated with U.S. intelligence agency.
The author beginning of this war to the winter of 1947, which it describes as the extreme pressure Berodth borne thirteen million refugees and displaced persons. The misery of a defeated Germany with a double divided into four areas of influence and Mhjeriha and ice, which led to the collapse of what remained of their infrastructure. As if all this was not enough came economic inflation, as a natural result of the war, to make the price of the Mercedes model 1939 is equal to the price of 24 cartons of cigarettes, according to the U.S. are moving the author. And for which the author mentioned a concert opera, set up by the Soviets in Berlin in Hall Alodmiralip red and played the opera Orpheus the musician Glock, hosted by the Russian officers, their American colleagues, who felt inferior in the face of this challenge is confirmed by the cultural panel, which also saw that this concert were not merely an occasion It was part of a deliberate strategy proved to be effective later. So this seemed like a cultural openness and Trojan horse that installs the Soviets to get to Poland and try to access to France and Italy. Even spread rumors, at the time, that communism will not take a long time to control these two countries. But what did not remember the author is famous saying of the French Communist George Marche, who said in 1950 that reads: If you do not join up with communist Europe, it must wait until an American colony.
It tells the author to the concert were not only the tip of the iceberg beneath strategy prepared since 1940 (the author calls the head of the snake) and centered on the promotion of the communists, through advertising campaigns, among trade unions and women's associations, youth groups and Alhagafin, the press and publishing houses (ie community midwife of infection). The author suggest that the adoption of the principle of Soviet psychological warfare cold due to their inability to economic (post war) and the lack of ownership of nuclear weapons (as of that time). Therefore resorted to propaganda to promote their ideology compensation of this deficit. From here the speed of movement culture. After a simple concert announced for the construction of a Soviet House of Culture in Berlin itself. Jhsoh and classic furniture and lighting and Tunavs radioactive and central heating. And that, as described by the British cultural attaché in a report to his superiors, among which the Soviets excel culturally all the efforts of the Allies. He adds that they have succeeded in their attempts to gain access to large numbers of people toward a preconceived idea that the Russians prevailing uncivilized. According to his superiors that Supplement Reading Room of the Mlhakith cold and need to coal for heating!.
Britain emerging from the war did not pay heed to these suggestions and cultural observations, but the Americans Tlagafoha and initiated the creation of "the American Center."
Their aim was to get rid of them is an idea expressed by the Director of educational and cultural relations at the opening of the Center, saying: "Despite the contributions made by America in the field of culture, no one knows that not even Germany. Not to mention the rest of the world. Life is the life of the American-dominated by the physical character. often hear the comment: We have the skill and brains and you have money! ".
This was at a U.S. base of American culture and advertising it manifests itself in clear behind all activities of the center. However, the center was included reading rooms comfortable and well heated.
In commenting on the effectiveness of these centers author says: America was then considered a cultural wasteland and its people well-being of chewing gum and Chevrolet cars. Have contributed to these cultural centers in promoting the European section of the book, from Alnavrin Alsovia, to get closer to America. Like André Gide in his book "Return of the Soviet Union" and Arthur Koester and others.
Then move the author to talk about the "Marshall Plan" and then the reader understand the reasons for prolonging and Ishabha in the description of the circumstances surrounding the end of the war in Europe in general and Germany in particular. Also understand the insistence on giving details of the concert and decorations centers Soviet and American culture. These details are necessary to understand the importance of the Marshall Plan and the absorption of its role in economic terms in the psychological war era. Remember what was said by General Marshall in June 1947 and a graduation ceremony at Harvard in the context of his project to save the economic Europe. They report warned of the collapse of the values that they know in the ancient world, because of the ongoing efforts to change the cultural face of Europe, which they know (he refers to the Soviet efforts of course). In order to drop and put the location of the violation of free human beings (ie the concept of the free world, the U.S.). Thus concluded that General Marshall to the need to help Europe programs prevent huge financial collapse (ie, falling into the communist).
American President, at the time, Truman said premises Marshall (Commander in Chief of the U.S. military) in a speech before Congress, focusing on Greece, which almost turns into communism. In conclusion, the religious vision travel tone: "At this moment in world history, each people to choose a path in life ... and sometimes this is not a free choice.
N this two speeches served declared conflict transformation of cultural conflict is limited to the real war at the level of economic cost as well as on the level of official concern. The announcement came this development in Congress and in the heart of American Culture (Harvard), in which the president of the U.S. and the leader of Harpetha. What was the Soviet reaction?.
The response to the Soviet San Andre Gidanuv (planned Stalinist culture), which invite intellectuals the world so that rumbled pens under the banner of communism. He pointed to the successes of European Communist parties that have succeeded in bringing the majority of creators and scientists to its ranks. And only the author mention the appeal without giving a comparison between America's need to waste hundreds of millions of dollars for the reconstruction of Europe in order to preserve their status, and the capacity of Communist troops into the ranks of intellectuals being provided with a project intellectually unable to Western democracy until today to present an alternative, even after fall. The author neglected to mention the theme that the beginning of this fall in conjunction with the Marshall Plan reconstruction of Europe, which brought the capital and laid siege to its east. Resulting in more than half a century to the fall of the economic rather than political communism. The author ignored the panic in the United States intelligence officials Penetrations communist intelligence services in Europe and Britain in particular (which is unjustified panic "was soon turned into reality represented in Mhale scandal, Kim Philby, and many other scandals). This panic was the motive for the speedy establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in July 1947, one month after the announcement of the Marshall Plan. Perhaps this is the reason for panic ambiguity define the powers of the agency with the addition to its role as coordinator of information between the military and diplomatic role in another very vague definition, and then appends the words "public interest". These words, which allowed the agency to carry out embarrassed the American liberal principles. They ignore the author of self-reference to the ownership of the Agency to extend the interfaces ranging from several publishing houses and radio stations, insurance companies and other organizations of the coverage that reflects the size of the evolution of the influence of the agency. And turned into a legend has made a global audience believed to be behind all the darkness or damage or adverse action.
On the other hand take the author on Britain failing to participate in campaign Aldhadp-Soviet propaganda. Seems like not enough flexibility with which to shift from polishing their image as allies during the war to attack them later. However, this suggestion loses its rationale and effectiveness demonstrated by the documents after the Second World War and beyond understanding of the U.S. - British against Yeltsin. As a result of the failure of the delayed establishment of the British section examination of the information IRD until 1 year j 948, which sought Barthur Kulr author of "darkness at noon", which talks about the methods of repression and cruelty of the Soviets. The Kulr is a Communist Hungarians revolt against the communist protest against the cruelty (as the book claims). The advocates of treason Kulr class countermeasures. The publication of this call in the U.S. intelligence community, which was soon convinced them. In summary, the idea is that the best way to deal with Communism is recovering large numbers of intellectuals who have adopted socialist thought and disillusioned with the union USSR. It was a victory for the idea embodied by the convening of the "Freedom Culture" in Berlin in 1950. The success of the conference focused on the participation of large numbers of leftists. It involved the participation of an implication for their willingness to participate in the activity can not only financed the United States. This reference grew encouraging so-called "freedom of the culture." The day I realized the importance of the Agency of the Organization, to attract the intellectuals was no hope of attract, so it moved its headquarters from Berlin to Paris, where he secured funding from major financial institutions to cover the Agency's role in it. This money was polarized and tempting Bovrth, where it was enough to get the prizes and publishing houses and book and promote the adoption of them and reward them for their services in the area of freedom of culture. Completed the examination of information center IRD British role by encouraging the organization to produce magazines in developing countries (including the Journal of Arabic dialogue).
And off, consisting of two activities, "the freedom of culture," beginning its search elaborate cultural war that cost the U.S. money could not be identified millions of dollars and who was born and Twaldt to spawn an infinite number of associations and cultural institutions, anti-Communist, whether the knowledge and the knowledge of participants or without their knowledge. Thus the book begins to raise the details inherent in the Cold War struggle that turned with the finan-to a "war to acquire the human mind" (what was called later the war mental health).
This book shows that the cumulative efforts of these institutions has been able to attract the vast majority of thinkers, writers, scientists and artists so it is unusual to find some of them can claim that he did not deal with these institutions or had not benefited from the offerings. Objective and remember the author dropped a few intellectuals and their withdrawal from these institutions after discovering that its key ally intelligence. And give them an example of the philosopher Brtrandj Russell, who submitted his resignation accepted Fourthly four times in 1956 and was in the position of Honorary President of the Organization of the Cultural Freedom!.
Then successively listed scandals of this Organization, which reached to the borders left to the brink of death and dying, especially after giving birth to hundreds of organizations other alternative. However, since the book limits its attention to the Cold War, the author exempt itself from the narrative and the heirs of this organization and grandchildren who follow her career after the end of the Cold War. In particular that the objectives of the march veered from the struggle against communism to serve the "master" the protagonist of George Orwell, entitled "1984." But the Cold War was a war of ideology? Tjebena question, the author, citing the view that they were not as well but was a war reconciliation and conflict between the freedom of personal profit and control bureaucratic party!.
The significance of the book in its entirety to add questions to the importance of deeper and more complex than those raised in a timely manner. Can we after this book is that we doubt the mere suspicion of institutions and associations, centers and agencies that provide generous Tmoilat of the ideas that have the qualities of pettiness and Shiites and mystery. And be more generous funding of knowing. And who knows who can understand and select the topics most important in terms of intelligence. But the problem will be, on writing the history of the post-Cold War, in the impossibility of accounting and statistics of these organizations to breed it is endemic so it will be impossible to count. Valmkrob evolved into a virus with this development we are now seeing organizations and single cells. This is difficult to detect with the naked eye and "Mr." prevents us from using a microscope.
In the end we must stop at a section of the book's title is: "to pay for Mzmaren" and Flutists are the ones who raise the publicity and make famous creators. Verwon the highest level of fame in line with U.S. policy and ignore the injured and even its successor. In the past, creative work and thinker and the world is decision time came, and took the responsibility of the parties honking (marketing creator), and we are in a time during which the intelligence of this responsibility Vtdjalna doubt Bmvahemh and creativity and the creative!.
The author beginning of this war to the winter of 1947, which it describes as the extreme pressure Berodth borne thirteen million refugees and displaced persons. The misery of a defeated Germany with a double divided into four areas of influence and Mhjeriha and ice, which led to the collapse of what remained of their infrastructure. As if all this was not enough came economic inflation, as a natural result of the war, to make the price of the Mercedes model 1939 is equal to the price of 24 cartons of cigarettes, according to the U.S. are moving the author. And for which the author mentioned a concert opera, set up by the Soviets in Berlin in Hall Alodmiralip red and played the opera Orpheus the musician Glock, hosted by the Russian officers, their American colleagues, who felt inferior in the face of this challenge is confirmed by the cultural panel, which also saw that this concert were not merely an occasion It was part of a deliberate strategy proved to be effective later. So this seemed like a cultural openness and Trojan horse that installs the Soviets to get to Poland and try to access to France and Italy. Even spread rumors, at the time, that communism will not take a long time to control these two countries. But what did not remember the author is famous saying of the French Communist George Marche, who said in 1950 that reads: If you do not join up with communist Europe, it must wait until an American colony.
It tells the author to the concert were not only the tip of the iceberg beneath strategy prepared since 1940 (the author calls the head of the snake) and centered on the promotion of the communists, through advertising campaigns, among trade unions and women's associations, youth groups and Alhagafin, the press and publishing houses (ie community midwife of infection). The author suggest that the adoption of the principle of Soviet psychological warfare cold due to their inability to economic (post war) and the lack of ownership of nuclear weapons (as of that time). Therefore resorted to propaganda to promote their ideology compensation of this deficit. From here the speed of movement culture. After a simple concert announced for the construction of a Soviet House of Culture in Berlin itself. Jhsoh and classic furniture and lighting and Tunavs radioactive and central heating. And that, as described by the British cultural attaché in a report to his superiors, among which the Soviets excel culturally all the efforts of the Allies. He adds that they have succeeded in their attempts to gain access to large numbers of people toward a preconceived idea that the Russians prevailing uncivilized. According to his superiors that Supplement Reading Room of the Mlhakith cold and need to coal for heating!.
Britain emerging from the war did not pay heed to these suggestions and cultural observations, but the Americans Tlagafoha and initiated the creation of "the American Center."
Their aim was to get rid of them is an idea expressed by the Director of educational and cultural relations at the opening of the Center, saying: "Despite the contributions made by America in the field of culture, no one knows that not even Germany. Not to mention the rest of the world. Life is the life of the American-dominated by the physical character. often hear the comment: We have the skill and brains and you have money! ".
This was at a U.S. base of American culture and advertising it manifests itself in clear behind all activities of the center. However, the center was included reading rooms comfortable and well heated.
In commenting on the effectiveness of these centers author says: America was then considered a cultural wasteland and its people well-being of chewing gum and Chevrolet cars. Have contributed to these cultural centers in promoting the European section of the book, from Alnavrin Alsovia, to get closer to America. Like André Gide in his book "Return of the Soviet Union" and Arthur Koester and others.
Then move the author to talk about the "Marshall Plan" and then the reader understand the reasons for prolonging and Ishabha in the description of the circumstances surrounding the end of the war in Europe in general and Germany in particular. Also understand the insistence on giving details of the concert and decorations centers Soviet and American culture. These details are necessary to understand the importance of the Marshall Plan and the absorption of its role in economic terms in the psychological war era. Remember what was said by General Marshall in June 1947 and a graduation ceremony at Harvard in the context of his project to save the economic Europe. They report warned of the collapse of the values that they know in the ancient world, because of the ongoing efforts to change the cultural face of Europe, which they know (he refers to the Soviet efforts of course). In order to drop and put the location of the violation of free human beings (ie the concept of the free world, the U.S.). Thus concluded that General Marshall to the need to help Europe programs prevent huge financial collapse (ie, falling into the communist).
American President, at the time, Truman said premises Marshall (Commander in Chief of the U.S. military) in a speech before Congress, focusing on Greece, which almost turns into communism. In conclusion, the religious vision travel tone: "At this moment in world history, each people to choose a path in life ... and sometimes this is not a free choice.
N this two speeches served declared conflict transformation of cultural conflict is limited to the real war at the level of economic cost as well as on the level of official concern. The announcement came this development in Congress and in the heart of American Culture (Harvard), in which the president of the U.S. and the leader of Harpetha. What was the Soviet reaction?.
The response to the Soviet San Andre Gidanuv (planned Stalinist culture), which invite intellectuals the world so that rumbled pens under the banner of communism. He pointed to the successes of European Communist parties that have succeeded in bringing the majority of creators and scientists to its ranks. And only the author mention the appeal without giving a comparison between America's need to waste hundreds of millions of dollars for the reconstruction of Europe in order to preserve their status, and the capacity of Communist troops into the ranks of intellectuals being provided with a project intellectually unable to Western democracy until today to present an alternative, even after fall. The author neglected to mention the theme that the beginning of this fall in conjunction with the Marshall Plan reconstruction of Europe, which brought the capital and laid siege to its east. Resulting in more than half a century to the fall of the economic rather than political communism. The author ignored the panic in the United States intelligence officials Penetrations communist intelligence services in Europe and Britain in particular (which is unjustified panic "was soon turned into reality represented in Mhale scandal, Kim Philby, and many other scandals). This panic was the motive for the speedy establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in July 1947, one month after the announcement of the Marshall Plan. Perhaps this is the reason for panic ambiguity define the powers of the agency with the addition to its role as coordinator of information between the military and diplomatic role in another very vague definition, and then appends the words "public interest". These words, which allowed the agency to carry out embarrassed the American liberal principles. They ignore the author of self-reference to the ownership of the Agency to extend the interfaces ranging from several publishing houses and radio stations, insurance companies and other organizations of the coverage that reflects the size of the evolution of the influence of the agency. And turned into a legend has made a global audience believed to be behind all the darkness or damage or adverse action.
On the other hand take the author on Britain failing to participate in campaign Aldhadp-Soviet propaganda. Seems like not enough flexibility with which to shift from polishing their image as allies during the war to attack them later. However, this suggestion loses its rationale and effectiveness demonstrated by the documents after the Second World War and beyond understanding of the U.S. - British against Yeltsin. As a result of the failure of the delayed establishment of the British section examination of the information IRD until 1 year j 948, which sought Barthur Kulr author of "darkness at noon", which talks about the methods of repression and cruelty of the Soviets. The Kulr is a Communist Hungarians revolt against the communist protest against the cruelty (as the book claims). The advocates of treason Kulr class countermeasures. The publication of this call in the U.S. intelligence community, which was soon convinced them. In summary, the idea is that the best way to deal with Communism is recovering large numbers of intellectuals who have adopted socialist thought and disillusioned with the union USSR. It was a victory for the idea embodied by the convening of the "Freedom Culture" in Berlin in 1950. The success of the conference focused on the participation of large numbers of leftists. It involved the participation of an implication for their willingness to participate in the activity can not only financed the United States. This reference grew encouraging so-called "freedom of the culture." The day I realized the importance of the Agency of the Organization, to attract the intellectuals was no hope of attract, so it moved its headquarters from Berlin to Paris, where he secured funding from major financial institutions to cover the Agency's role in it. This money was polarized and tempting Bovrth, where it was enough to get the prizes and publishing houses and book and promote the adoption of them and reward them for their services in the area of freedom of culture. Completed the examination of information center IRD British role by encouraging the organization to produce magazines in developing countries (including the Journal of Arabic dialogue).
And off, consisting of two activities, "the freedom of culture," beginning its search elaborate cultural war that cost the U.S. money could not be identified millions of dollars and who was born and Twaldt to spawn an infinite number of associations and cultural institutions, anti-Communist, whether the knowledge and the knowledge of participants or without their knowledge. Thus the book begins to raise the details inherent in the Cold War struggle that turned with the finan-to a "war to acquire the human mind" (what was called later the war mental health).
This book shows that the cumulative efforts of these institutions has been able to attract the vast majority of thinkers, writers, scientists and artists so it is unusual to find some of them can claim that he did not deal with these institutions or had not benefited from the offerings. Objective and remember the author dropped a few intellectuals and their withdrawal from these institutions after discovering that its key ally intelligence. And give them an example of the philosopher Brtrandj Russell, who submitted his resignation accepted Fourthly four times in 1956 and was in the position of Honorary President of the Organization of the Cultural Freedom!.
Then successively listed scandals of this Organization, which reached to the borders left to the brink of death and dying, especially after giving birth to hundreds of organizations other alternative. However, since the book limits its attention to the Cold War, the author exempt itself from the narrative and the heirs of this organization and grandchildren who follow her career after the end of the Cold War. In particular that the objectives of the march veered from the struggle against communism to serve the "master" the protagonist of George Orwell, entitled "1984." But the Cold War was a war of ideology? Tjebena question, the author, citing the view that they were not as well but was a war reconciliation and conflict between the freedom of personal profit and control bureaucratic party!.
The significance of the book in its entirety to add questions to the importance of deeper and more complex than those raised in a timely manner. Can we after this book is that we doubt the mere suspicion of institutions and associations, centers and agencies that provide generous Tmoilat of the ideas that have the qualities of pettiness and Shiites and mystery. And be more generous funding of knowing. And who knows who can understand and select the topics most important in terms of intelligence. But the problem will be, on writing the history of the post-Cold War, in the impossibility of accounting and statistics of these organizations to breed it is endemic so it will be impossible to count. Valmkrob evolved into a virus with this development we are now seeing organizations and single cells. This is difficult to detect with the naked eye and "Mr." prevents us from using a microscope.
In the end we must stop at a section of the book's title is: "to pay for Mzmaren" and Flutists are the ones who raise the publicity and make famous creators. Verwon the highest level of fame in line with U.S. policy and ignore the injured and even its successor. In the past, creative work and thinker and the world is decision time came, and took the responsibility of the parties honking (marketing creator), and we are in a time during which the intelligence of this responsibility Vtdjalna doubt Bmvahemh and creativity and the creative!.
0 التعليقات:
إرسال تعليق
أضف تعليق